Effective Leadership Behaviour 
What does the effective leader do in situations of large-scale change if they aren’t directing and shaping? Rowland and Higgs found that leaders who demonstrated a strong combination of framing and creating capacity behaviours appeared to be particularly successful in most change scenarios. So they examined these in more detail, conducting a further study with 60 leaders from over 30 organisations and garnering over 100 change stories (Rowland and Higgs, 2008). Analysis of these data revealed four distinct sets of leadership change practice and behaviour. They called these “changing leadership” behaviours and movement or transforming space behaviours. The most successful change leaders were able to enact all these behaviours at different times in different contexts, as appropriate.